Gravity remains an enigmatic force. You could be forgiven for thinking that it is a well understood phenomenon, but in truth we do not understand the mechanism. It is described mathematically.

Gravity is also described as a property of mass, of course, but this helps little given that mass also remains a hypothetical entity. The Higgs-Boson (God particle) of the Standard model remains elusive, much like hypothesised graviton particles and gravity waves. In General Relativity gravity results from the curvature of space-time, whatever that means.

Either way, there is not enough mass in our own galaxy, The Milky Way, to account for it's fortunate tendency not to disintegrate. Hence the invention of further contentious hypotheticals like Dark Matter.

An examination of the Electromagnetic Gravity hypothesis.

EM Gravity? From principia-scientific.org

An interesting and balanced analysis from a mainstream source. All too often the idea of gravity being of EM origin is dismissed out of hand. Because electromagnetism can be shielded and gravity can't, it is generally assumed that the two forces must be irreconcilable. Such a view is clearly too simplistic, however. This article is therefore strongly recommended.

Wal Thornhill on Gravity. From Holoscience.com

"...The equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass implies that gravity is also an electrical force. Before Einstein, some noted scientists were suggesting that the gravitational force between neutral particles might ultimately be due to electrical polarization within the particles. In 1882, Friedrich Zöllner wrote in the introduction to his book, Explanation of Universal Gravitation through the Static Action of Electricity and The General Importance of Weber's Laws, "…we are to conclude that a pair of electrical particles of opposite signs, i.e. two Weberian molecular pairs attract each other. This attraction is Gravity, it is proportional to the number of molecular pairs." Indeed, gravity can be represented as the sum of the radially aligned electric dipoles formed by all subatomic particles within a charged planet or star.

"This new electrical concept suggests that Newton's "universal constant of gravitation," or "G," is a dependent variable. G depends upon the charge distribution within a celestial body. Highly charged objects like comets look like solid rock, yet they have a gravitational field that suggests they are fluff-balls. And as they discharge they suffer what is euphemistically called "non-gravitational" accelerations. The extreme weakness of the force of gravity, compared to the electric force, is a measure of the minuscule electric dipolar distortion of nucleons. Gravity cannot be shielded by normal electrostatic shielding because all subatomic particles within the gravitational field respond to the dipolar distortion, whether they are metals or non-metals.

"What about magnetism? Ampere's law for the magnetic force between two current carrying wires is found to be equivalent to the transverse electric force caused by the distortion of electrons in an electric field. This distortion causes them to form tiny collinear electric dipoles. That is, the magnetic force is simply another manifestation of the electric force.

"This simple electrical model of matter has the great virtue of reducing all known forces to a single one – the electric force. However, it has a price. We must abandon our peculiar phobia against a force acting at a distance. And we must give up the notion that the speed of light is a real speed barrier. It may seem fast to us, but on a cosmic scale it is glacial. Imposing such a speed limit and requiring force to be transmitted by particles would render the universe completely incoherent. If an electron is composed of smaller subunits of charge orbiting within the classical radius of an electron, then the electric force must operate at a speed far in excess of the speed of light for the electron to remain a coherent object. In fact, it has been calculated that if released, the subunits of charge in the electron could travel from here to the far side of the Andromeda galaxy in one second!

"We have direct evidence of the superluminal action of the electric force, given that gravity is a longitudinal electric force. Indeed, Newton's celebrated equation requires that gravity act instantly on the scale of the solar system. It has been calculated that gravity must operate at a speed of at least 2x1010 times the speed of light, otherwise closely orbiting stars would experience a torque that would sling them apart in mere hundreds of years. Similarly, the Earth responds to the gravitational pull of the Sun where it is at the moment, not where the Sun was 8 minutes ago. If this were not so, the Earth and all other planets in the solar system would be slung into deep space within a few thousand years. Gravity is therefore an electrical property of matter, not a geometrical property of space.

"What is the nature of light? Einstein's special theory of relativity was disconfirmed right at the start by the Michelson-Morley experiment, which showed a residual due to the æther. This was later confirmed by far more rigorous repeats of the experiment by Dayton Miller. But by then popular delusion and the madness of crowds had taken hold and contrary evidence would not be tolerated. The Dayton Miller story makes interesting reading. If it weren't for the extraordinary power of self-delusion, commonsense would tell us that a wave cannot exist in nothing. So Maxwell was right, light is a transverse electromagnetic wave moving through a medium, the æther.

"But what is the æther? In the vacuum of space, each cubic centimetre is teeming with neutrinos. And since neutrinos are resonant orbiting systems of charge, like all matter, they will respond to the electric force by distorting to form a weak electric dipole aligned with the electric field. The speed of light in a vacuum is therefore a measure of the delay in response of the neutrino to the electric force.

"What about the bending of starlight by the Sun, which discovery raised Einstein to megastar status? The residual found in the Michelson-Morley experiments shows that the Earth and all ponderable bodies "drag" the æther along with them. The bending of starlight near the Sun is simply the effect expected of an extensive neutrino atmosphere held to the Sun by gravity. Light will be slowed in the denser medium – causing normal refraction or bending of light..."

Eric Roberts Laithwaite 1921-1997 was a British electrical engineer and professor of engineering best known as the 'Father of Maglev' for his development of the Linear Induction Motor and Maglev rail system.

He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution which was televised by the BBC in 1974. This can still be found on YouTube, and is well worth viewing. Fascinating about this lecture was the apparent demonstration of weight loss shown by gyroscopes. Laithwaite did not claim to have invented an anti-gravity machine. He merely pointed out that the laws of Newtonian physics do not seem to apply to objects when moving like a gyroscope! All the same, following the publication of his research in this field, many people did contact him about 'antigravity' effects. He was always cautious in his responses, however, but nevertheless critical of those who dismiss such anomalous effects out of hand.

Laithwaite referred to such people as 'The Abominable Knowmen'. These are the people who simply 'know' that what Laithwaite highlights is 'of no interest' because it has already been 'explained'. The trouble being that explaining something away is quite different from explaining it, as the iconoclastic philosopher Charles Forte was apt to say. Laithwaite was always keen to remind people of what science is really about – observation, exploration, curiosity, wonder, and the occasional flash of insight.

Despite the importance of the electron, we know surprisingly little about it. For example, we don't know whether it's a wave or a particle, as it displays properties consistent with both (hence the term wave-particle duality) and, according to conventional wisdom, it has no structure.

"All attempts to measure the radius of the electron have failed! All we know is that the radius is less than 10-18 m; that is, its radius is one hundred million times smaller than that of the atom. All the known properties of the electron are consistent with the assumption that its radius is zero. As far as we know, the electron has no structure."

The above is quoted from the London Science Museum web site.

Independent New York researcher, Ralph Sansbury, has conducted a number of experiments that could have profound implications. The electron may not be fundmental and indivisible, after all. According to Sansbury, it is composed of smaller particles, which he calls subtrons that orbit within the classical radius of an electron.

A simple calculation gives the somewhat startling result that these subtrons are moving at speeds of 2.5 million light years per second! Theoretically, they could cover the distance from Earth to the far side of the Andromeda galaxy in less than one second. This gives some meaning to the term 'instantaneous action at a distance'. Importantly, this is a requirement for any new theory of gravity.

Further

Rupert Sheldrake, a professor at Cambridge University, has popularised the idea of morphic fields. To oversimplify, he theorises that memory is inherent in nature, and that all natural systems, from crytals to animals, inherit a memory of their kind. Each system is shaped by this pooled or collective memory. It is a view, of course, that has parallels with the Electric Universe, where there is a complex dance of electric particles and sub-particles.

www.sheldrake.org

From the link: "The implication is that many phenomena which until now have been regarded as purely statistical in character -- such as the distribution of fluctuations in the momentary rates of radioactivity measured in a sample -- are somehow controlled or at least strongly influenced by an astrophysical factor..."

If radioactive decay is linked to astronomical cycles, as these scientists argue, then this could challenge conventional chronologies. Additionally, if the solar system has suffered upheavals in recent millenia, especially of an intense electrical nature as many catastrophists contend, then traditional dating methods become almost obsolete.

I get a lot of emails asking me about Over Unity devices in relation to electromagnetism and its many mysterious behaviours. I do not claim to have any expertise in this field, but there are a number of interesting lectures available on YouTube. Needless to say, this is a controversial field and many of the claims being made are dismissed out of hand. Mind you, much of the material on this web site suffers a similar fate, so caution and an open mind are always recommended.

Andrew Johnson, who takes a keen interest in the UFO phenomenon, discusses 'free energy' and over unity in this challenging YouTube video entitled Infinite Energy. He is a lecturer with the Open University.

www.checktheevidence.com